Рентгенологическая оценка анатомо-функционального состояния прямой кишки и тазового дна у больных с нарушениями дефекации
Диссертация
Рентгенологическое исследование прямой кишки с применением специальных методик (дефекографии и модифицированной ирригоскопии) позволяет оценить анатомо-функциональное состояние прямой кишки и тазового дна у 100% больных с нарушениями дефекации и выявить у них опущение промежности, переднее ректоцеле, заднее ректоцеле, ректальную инвагинацию, ректальный пролапс, парадоксальное сокращение… Читать ещё >
Содержание
- В вед ение
- Глава 1. Обзор литературы
- 1. 1. Методы изучения анатомо-функционального состояния толстой кишки у больных запорами
- 1. 2. Рентгенологическое исследование прямой кишки и тазового дна у больных с нарушениями дефекации
- 1. 3. Рентгеносемиотика анатомо-функциональных изменений прямой кишки и тазового дна у больных с нарушениями дефекации
- Глава 2. Материал и методы исследования
- 2. 1. Общая характеристика больных с нарушениями дефекации
- 2. 2. Клинические методы обследования
- 2. 3. Рентгенологическое исследование желудочно-кишечного тракта
- 2. 4. Функциональные методы исследования запирательного аппарата прямой кишки
- 2. 5. Ультразвуковой метод исследования
- 2. 6. Патоморфологический метод исследования
- Глава 3. Методики рентгенологической оценки анатомо-функционального состояния толстой кишки и тазового дна
- 3. 1. Ирригоскопия
- 3. 2. Специальные методики рентгенологического исследования толстой кишки
- 3. 2. 1. Модифицированная ирригоскопия
- 3. 2. 2. Дефекография
- 3. 3. Изучение эвакуаторной функции желудочно-кишечного тракта
- 3. 4. Рентгенологическое исследование тонкой кишки
- Глава 4. Рентгенологические параметры нормальной дефекации
- 4. 1. Результаты модифицированной ирригоскопии у здоровых добровольцев
- 4. 2. Результаты дефекографии у здоровых добровольцев
- Глава 5. Рентгенологическая диагностика анатомо-функциональных изменений прямой кишки и тазового дна у больных с нарушениями дефекации
- 5. 1. Опущение промежности (тазового дна)
- 5. 2. Переднее ректоцеле
- 5. 3. Заднее ректоцеле
- 5. 4. Выпадение прямой кишки
- 5. 5. Ректальная инвагинация
- 4. 6. Энтероцеле. Сигмоцеле
- Глава 6. Сравнение диагностических возможностей ирригоскопии, модифицированной ирригоскопии и дефекографии при исследовании больных с нарушениями дефекации
- 6. 1. Сравнение диагностических возможностей традиционной ирригоскопии и модифицированной ирригоскопии
- 6. 2. Сравнение диагностических возможностей модифицированной ирригоскопии и дефекографии
- Глава 7. Обсуждение результатов рентгенологического исследования больных с нарушениями дефекации
- ВЫВОДЫ
Список литературы
- Аведисов С. С. Выпадение прямой кишки. — Москва, 1963.- 215 с.
- Аминев A.M. Выпадение прямой кишки./ в кн.: Руководство по проктологии. 1971. -2. С. 202−412.
- Аминев A.M. Грыжи прямокишечно-влагалищной перегородки./ в кн.: Руководство по проктологии. -1971.-2. С. 454−463.
- Воробьев Г. И. Болезнь Гиршпрунга. В кн: Основы колопроктологии/ Под ред. акад. РАМН, проф. Воробьева Г. И. Ростов на Дону: изд-во «Феникс», 2001, С 378−388.
- Воробьев Г. И. Выпадение прямой кишки. В кн: Основы колопроктологии/ Под ред. акад. РАМН, проф. Воробьева Г. И. Ростов на Дону: изд-во «Феникс» 2001, С 209−222.
- Воробьев Г. И., Костенко Н. В. Дивертикулярная болезнь толстой кишки. В кн: Основы колопроктологии/ Под ред. акад. РАМН, проф. Воробьева Г. И. Ростов на Дону: изд-во «Феникс» 2001, С 294−308.
- Кабанова И.Н. Клиническое значение радионуклидных исследований в диагностике хронических запоров. Дисс. д.м.н., М., 1998, 234 с.
- Кабанова И.Н. Современные возможности радионуклидной диагностики функциональных заболеваний толстой кишки. /Актуальные проблемы колопроктологии. IY Всероссийская конф. с международным участием. Тез. докл: Иркутск, 1999.- С. 296−297 .
- П.Кольченко И. И. Оптимизация лечения функционального запора на основе критериев прогноза. Дисс.. к.м.н., М., 2002, 210 с.
- Кольченко И.И., Михайлова Т. Л., Румянцев В. Г., Тихонов А. А. «Рентгеноконтрастные маркеры в оценке моторной функции толстой кишки при хроническом запоре» // «Проблемы колопроктологии» Сборник № 17, М, МНПИ, 2000, с 504−509.
- Куликовский В.Ф., Олейник Н.В.Сонография и МРТ в диагностике тазового проляпса. / В кн: Тазовый проляпс. Белгород. 2004. —С.101−125.
- Куликовский В.Ф., Олейник Н.В.Энтероцеле./ В кн: Тазовый проляпс. Белгород. 2004. — С.99−101.
- Куликовский В.Ф., Олейник Н. В., Бабанин А. В. Перспективы использования магнитно-резонансной томографии в диагностике патологии тазового дна. / Конф., посвященная 40-летию ГНЦК «Актуальные проблемы колопроктологии». Тез докл. Москва. -2005. -С. 430−432.
- Куликовский В.Ф., Олейник Н. В., Пустовгар Е. А., Бабанин А. В. Место и роль сонографии в диагностике патологии тазового дна. / Конф., посвященная 40-летию ГНЦК «Актуальные проблемы колопроктологии». Тез докл. Москва. -2005. С. 432−434.
- Лангнер А.В. Клинико-функциональная оценка отдаленных результатов операции Зеренина-Кюммеля у больных выпадением прямой кишки. Дисс. к.м.н., М, 1996, 153 с.
- Лаптев Л.А., Ерохин А. П., Дзукаев А. И. и др. Анатомо-функциональные изменения толстой кишки и органов репродуктивной системы девочек при хронических запорах // Детская хирургия, 2002, № 5, С 4−8.
- Мудров А.А. Хирургическое лечение больных ректоцеле перинеально-анальным доступом. Дисс.. к.м.н., М., 2003, 147 с.
- Подмаренкова Л.Ф. Механизмы формирования моторной и накопительной функции прямой кишки в норме и при нарушении сфинктерного аппарата. Дисс. д.м.н., М., 2000, 298 с.
- Титов А.Ю. Виды выпадения прямой кишки и выбор способа их лечения. Дисс. .д.м.н., М., 1998, 241 с.
- Титов А.Ю., Воробьев Г. И., Капуллер Л. Л., Орлова Л. П., Мушникова В. Н., Подмаренкова Л. Ф., Лангнер А. В. Особенности клиники и диагностики у больных внутренним выпадением прямой кишки. //
- Актуальные проблемы колопроктологии. Материалы конф. Н. Новгород. 3−4 октября 1995 г. Н. Новгород. 1995. — С. 295−296.
- Тихонов А.А. Клинико-рентгенологическая диагностика обструктивных заболеваний толстой кишки. Дисс. .д.м.н., М., 2005, 174 с.
- Тихонов А.А., Полякова Н. А., Царьков П. В., Жученко А. П., Синяева Л. М. Значение рентгенологического метода в диагностике и клинической оценке стриктур толстой кишки. В кн. «Актуальные проблемы колопроктологии» тез докл. 1999, с. 512.
- Фанарджян В.А. Рентгенодиагностика заболеваний пищеварительного тракта. Ереван, 1977, т. 2.
- Шнигер Н.У. Рентгенология прямой и ободочной кишок. М., изд-во УДН, 1989.-252 с.
- Agachan F- Pfeifer J- Wexner SD. Defecography and proctography. Results of 744 patients. Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Aug-39(8):899−905.
- Altomare DF, Portincasa P, Rinaldi M et al. Slow-transit constipation: solitary symptom of gastrointestinal disease. Dis Colon Rectum 1999−42(2):231−240.
- Altomare DF, Rinaldi M, Veglia A et al. Altomare DF, Rinaldi M, Veglia A et al. Contribution of posture to the maintenance of anal continence. Int J Colorectal Dis 2001- 16:51−54.
- Altomare DF, Rinaldi M, Veglia A et al. Combined perineal end endorectal repair of rectocele by circular stapler: a novel surgical technigue. Dis Colon Rectum 2002: 45(11): 1549−1552.
- Altringer WE- Saclarides TJ- Dominguez JM- Brubaker LT- Smith CS Four-contrast defecography: pelvic «floor-oscopy». Dis Colon Rectum 1995 Jul-38(7):695−9.
- American Gastroenterogical Association Medical Position Statement on Anorectal Testing Techniques. Gastroenterology 1999- 116:732−760
- Aumann G., Petersen S., Pollack Т., Hellmich G., Ludwig K. Severe intraabdominal bleeding following stapled mucosectomy due to enterocele: report of a case. Tech. Coloproctol., 2004- 8:41−43.
- Ayabaca SM- Zbar AP- Pescatori M. Anal continence after rectocele repair. Dis Colon Rectum 2002 Jan-45(l):63−9.
- Barthet M- Portier F- Heyries L- et al. Dynamic anal endosonography may challenge defecography for assessing dynamic anorectal disorders: results of a prospective pilot study. Endoscopy 2000 Apr-32(4):300−5.
- Bartram CL. The barium enema and evacuation proctography. In: Kamm MA, Lennard-Jones JE, eds. Constipation. PA: Wrightson Biomedical, 1994:137−143.
- Bartram CL. Radiologic evaluation of anorectal disorders. Gastroenterol.
- Clin North. Amer., 2001- 30:55−75.
- Beer-Gabel M- Teshler M- Barzilai N- Lurie Y- Malnick S- Bass D- Zbar A Dynamic transperineal ultrasound in the diagnosis of pelvic floor disorders: pilot study. Dis Colon Rectum 2002 Feb-45(2):239−45- discussion 245−8.
- Bernini A, Madof RD, Lowry AC et al. Should patients with combined colonic inertia and nonrelaxing pelvic floor undergo sustotal colectomy? Dis Colon Rectum 1998- 41:1363−6.
- Berretta O, Chaussade S, Coquent M et al. Technique simplifiee de defecographie. Description et resultats. Presse Med. 1990, Oct 13- 19(33):1533−7.
- Bertschinger KM- Hetzer FH- Roos JE- Treiber K- Marincek B- Hilfiker PR Dynamic MR imaging of the pelvic floor performed with patient sitting in an open-magnet unit versus with patient supine in a closed-magnet unit. Radiology 2002 May-223(2):501−8.
- Birnbaum EH, Stamm L, Rafferty JF et al. Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency influences surgical outcome in treatment of rectal prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum 1996- 39:1215−1221.
- Boccasanta P- Fumagalli U., Strinna M., Venturi M- Cioffi U. The surgical correction of anterior rectocele. Our experience. Minerva Chir., 1997- 52:549−556.
- Bouchoucha M, Deuroede G, Renard P et al. Comparmental analysis ofcolonic transit reveals abnormalities in constipated patients wiht normal transit. Clin Sci 1995- 89: 129−135.
- Bremmer S, Ahlback SO, Uden R, Mellgren A. Simultaneous defecography and peritoneography in defecation disorders. Dis Colon Rectum 1995- 38:969−973.
- Broden B, Shellman B. Procidentia of the rectum studied by cineradiography: a contribution to the discussion of causative mechanism. Dis Colon Rectum 1968- 11:330−347.
- Broens P, Vanbeckevoort D, Bellon E, Penninckx F. Combined radiologic and manometric study of rectal filling sensention. Dis Colon Rectum 2002- 45:1016−1022.
- Brown SR, Donati D, Seow-Choen F, Ho Y-H. Biofeedback avoids surgery in patients with slow-transit constipation: report of four cases. Dis Colon Rectum 2001- 44:737−740.
- Brubaker L, Petzky S, Smith С et al. Pelvic floor evaluation with dynamic fluoroscopy. Obstet-Gynecol 1993, Nov- 82(5):863−8.
- Bruch HP, Herold A, Schiedeck T, Schwandner O. Laparoscopic surgery for rectal prolapse and outlet obstruction. Dis Colon Rectum 1999- 42: 11 891 195.
- Bump R.C., Mattiasson A., Bo K. et al. The standardization of terminology of female pelvic organ prolapse and pelvic floor dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996- 175:10−17.
- Burhenne HJ. Intestinal evacuation study: a new roentgenologic technique. Radiol Clin 1964−33:79−84.
- Cavallo G, Salzano A, Grassi R, De-Lillo ML. Functional intraperineal pouch of rectal wall (posterior rectocele). Dis Colon rectum 1993 Feb- 36(2): 179−81.
- Cavallo G, Salzano A, Grassi R, Zanatta P, Tuccillo M. Rectocele in males: clinical, defecographic, and CT study of singular cases. Dis Colon Return 1991−34:964−966.
- Charles F, Camillery M, Phillips SF, Thomforde GM, Forstrom LA. Scintigraphy of the whole gut: clinical evaluation of transit disorders. Mayo ClinProc 1995- 70:113−8.
- Chen HH- Iroatulam A- Alabaz O- Weiss EG- Nogueras JJ- Wexner SD. Associations of defecography and physiologic findings in male patients with rectocele. Tech Coloproctol 2001 Dec-5(3): 157−61.
- Delemarre JBV, Kruyt RH, Doornbos J et al. Anterior rectocele: assesment with radiografic defecography, dynamic magnetic resonance imaging and physical examination. Dis Colon Rectum 1994- 37:249−259.
- De Nuntis S- Bevilacqua M- Forlini G- Rossi Z. Dissinergia addomino-pelvica: analisi videoproctografica e associazioni patologiche nella sindrome da ostruita defecazione. JRadiol Med (Torino) 1998 Jul-Aug-96(l-2):73−80 (ISSN: 0033−8362).
- Deval B- Rafii A- Poilpot S- Wicart F- Aflak N- Levardon M. Nouveaux concepts physiologiques, diagnostiques et therapeutiques dans la prise en charge des rectoceles de la femme. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2002 Mar-30(3): 180−94.
- Dohke M- Mitchell DG- Vasavada SP. Fast magnetic resonance imaging of pelvic organ prolapse. Tech Urol 2001 Jun-7(2): 133−8.
- Dorval D, Barbieux JP, Picon P et al. Mesure simplifiee du temps de transit coligue par une seule radiografic de J' abdomen et un seul type de marqueur. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1994, 18:141−144.
- Ekberg O, Nylander G, Fork FT. Defaecography. Radiology 1985- 155: 4548.
- Escalante R, Sorgi M, Solas Z. Total and segmental colonic transit time. Clinical and prospective study using radiopaque markers in normal subjests.1. GEN 1993,47:88−92.
- Fabiani P- Benizri E- Gugenheim J- Mouiel J. Traitement chirurgical de la rectocele anterieure de la femme. La voie transanale. Surgical treatment of anterior rectoceles in women. The transanal approach. Ann Chir 2000 Oct-125(8):779−81.
- Faucheron JL- Dubreuil A. Rectal akinesia as a new cause of impaired defecation. Dis Colon Rectum 2000 Nov-43(l 1): 1545−9.
- Fenner DE. Diagnosis and assessment of sigmoidoceles. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996 Dec-175(6):1438−41- discussion 1441−2.
- Fleshman JW, Dreznic Z, Meyer К et al. Outpatient protocol for biofeedback therapy of pelvic floor outlet obstruction. Dis Colon Rectum 1992- 35: 1−7.
- Freimanis MG, Wald A, Caruana B, Bauman DH. Evacuation proctography in normal volunteers. Invest Radiol 1991- 26:581−585.
- Furst A., Hutzel L., Rentsch M., Beham A., Spatz H., Jauch K. Coloproctological diseases of the pelvic Floor. Radiology, 2000- 40:446 450.
- Gattuso JM, Kamm MA, Morris G, Britton KE. Gastrointestinal transit in patients with idiopatic megarectum. Dis Colon rectum 1996- 39(9): 10 441 050.
- Gee AS, Mills A, Durdey P. What is the relationship between perineal descent and anal mucosal electrosensitivity? Dis Colon rectum 1995- 38:419−423.
- Ger GC, Wexner SD, Jorge JM, Salanga VD. Anorectal manometry in the diagnosis of paradoxical puborectalis contraction. Dis Colon Rectum 1993- 36:816−25.
- Gladman MA, Scott SM, Williams NS, Lunniss PJ. Rectal hyposensivity: prevalence and clinical impact in patients with intractable constipation and fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum 2003- 46(2): 238−246.
- Goei R. Anorectal function in patients with defecation disorders and asymptomatic subjects: evaluation with derecography. Radiology 1990- 174:121−123.
- Goei R., Baeten C. Rectal intussusception and rectal prolapse: defection and postoperative evaluation with defecography. Radiology 1990- 174:124−126.
- Gordon P H. Rectal procidentia. In: Principles and practice of surgery for the colon, rectum, and anus/ Philip H. Gordon, Santhat Nivatvongs. 2nd ed. Quality Medicaal Publisshing, Inc. St Louis, Missouri, 1999, P 503−540.
- Gosselink MJ, van Dam JH, Huisman WM, Ginai AZ, Schouten WR. Treatment of enterocele by obliteration of the pelvic inlet. Dis Colon Rectum, 1999- 42(7):940−944.
- Grassi R, Catalano O, Salzano A et al. Disordini funzionali ano-rettali: reperti defecografici associati e loro corrispondenza con la sintomalogia. Radiol-Med-Torino 1994- Jul-Aug- 88(1−2): 56−62.
- Grassi R, Rotondo A, Catalano О et al. La videoproctografia nello studiodell’intussuscezione rettale. Esperienza personale. Radiol-Med-Torino 1994- Jun- 87(6): 783−8.
- Halligan S. Ultrasound diagnosis of enteroceles. Dis Colon Rectum 2001 Aug-44(8):1221.
- Halligan S, Bartram CJ. Is barium trapping in rectocele significant? Dis Colon Rectum 1995- 38(7): 764−8.
- Halligan S, Bartram CJ. Evacuation proctography combined with positive contrast peritoneography to demonstrate pelvic floor hernias. Abdom Imaging 1995- 20 (5): 442−445.
- Halligan S, Bartram CJ, Hall C, Wingate J. Enterocele revealed by simultaneous proctography and peritoneography: does the defecation block exist? Am J Roentgenol 1996- 167:461−6.
- Halligan S, Nicholls RJ, Bartram CJ. Proctographic changes after rectopexy for solitary rectal ulcer syndrome and preoperative factors for a successful outcome. Br J Surg 1995- 82: 314−317.
- Halligan S, Nicholls RJ, Bartram CJ. Evacuation proctography in patients with solitary rectal ulcer syndrome: anatomic abnormalities and frequency of impaired emptying and prolapse. Am J Roentgenol 1995- 164:91−95.
- Halligan S, McGee S, Bartram C. Quantification of evacuation proctography. Dis Colon Rectum 1994- 37(11):1151−1154.
- Halligan S, Sultan A, Rottenberg G et al. Endosonography of the anal sphincter in solitary rectal ulcer syndrome. Jnt Colorectal Dis 1995- 10:7982.
- Halligan S, Thomas J, Bartram C. Intrarectal pressure and ballon expaltion related to evacuation proctography. Gur, 1995- 37:100−104.
- Halverson A.L., Orkin B.A. Which physiologic tests are useful in patients with constipation? Dis Colon Rectum 1998- 41: 735−739.
- Healy JC- Halligan S- Reznek RH- Watson S- Bartram CI- Phillips R-
- Armstrong P. Dynamic MR imaging compared with evacuation proctography when evaluating anorectal configuration and pelvic floor movement. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997 Sep- 169(3):775−9.
- Healy JC- Halligan S- Reznek RH- Watson S- Phillips RK- Armstrong P. Patterns of prolapse in women with symptoms of pelvic floor weakness: assessment with MR imaging. Radiology 1997 Apr-203(l):77−81.
- Henry M.M., Swash M, eds. Coloproctology and the pelvic floor. 2nd ed. London: Butter-worth-Heineman, 1992.
- Herold A- Muller-Lobeck H- Jost WH- Duschka L- Leder D. Diagnostik des Rektums und Beckenbodens bei chronischer Obstipation. Zentralbl Chir 1999−124(9):784−95.
- Hiltunen KM, Kolehmainen H, Matikainen M. Does defecography help in diagnosis and clinical decision-making in defecation disorders? Abdom-Imaging 1994- 19(4): 355−8.
- Hock D, Lombard R, Jehaes С et al. Colpocystodefecography. Dis Colon Rectum 1993, Nov- 36 (11): 1015−21.
- Holley RL. Enterocele: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv, 1994- 49: 284−93
- Hutchinson R, Mostafa AB, Crant EA, et al. Scintigraphy defecography: quantitative and dynamic assessment of anorectal function. Dis Colon Rectum 1993−36:1132−1138.
- Ikenberry S- Lappas JC- Hana MP- Rex DK. Defecography in healthy ubjects: comparison of three contrast media. Radiology 1996 Oct-201(l):233−8.
- Infantino A, Masin A, Melega E, Dodi G, Lise M. Does surgery resolve outlet obstruction from rectocele? Int J Colorectal Dis 1995- 10:97−100.
- Jamet F- Hoffet M- Courtieu C- Mares P Interet de la defecographie dans le bilan des prolapsus genitaux. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) 19 991. Feb-28(l):17−23.
- Janssen LWM, van Dijke CF. Selection criteria for anterior rectal wall repair in symptomatic rectocele and rectal wall prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum 1994- 37:1100−1107.
- Johansson C, Nilsson BY, Holmstrom B, Dolk A, Mellgren A. Association between rectocele and paradoxical sphincter response. Dis Colon Rectum 1992- 35:503−509.
- Johansson C, Nilsson BY, Mellgren A, Dolk A, Holmstrom B. Paradoxical sphincter reaction and associated colorectal disorder. Int J Colorectal Dis 1992- 7:89−94.
- Jorge JM, Ger GG, Gonzalez L, Wexner SD. Patient position during cinedefecography: influence on perineal descent and other measurements. Dis Colon Rectum 1994- 37(9):927−931.
- Jorge JM, Wexner SD, Ehrenpreis ED, Nogueras JJ, Jagelman DG. Does perineal descent correlate with pudental neuropathy? Dis Colon Rectum 1993- 36:475−83.
- Jorge JM, Wexner SD, Ger GG et al. Cinedefecography and electromyography in the diagnosis of nonrelaxing puborectalis syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum 1993, 36 (7): 668−676.
- Jorge JM, Yang Y-K, Wexner SD. Incidence and clinical significance of sigmoidoceles as determined by a new classification system. Dis Colon Rectum 1994−37:1112−1117.
- Kairaluoma MV, Viljakka MT, Kellokumpu IH. Open vs. Laparoscopic surgery for rectal prolapse: a case-controlled study assessing short-term outcome. Dis Colon Rectum 2003- 46 (3): 353−360.
- Kaiser A, Buchmann P, Bruhlmann W. Die Bedeutung der Defakographie fur die Diagnose der Rektozele und des Rektalprolapses. Helv-Chir-Acta 1994 Jul- 60 (5):697−7004.
- Kang YS, Kamm MA, Engel AF et al. Pathology of the rectal wall in solitary rectal ulcer syndrome and complete rectal prolapse. Gut 1996- 38: 587−590.
- Kang YS, Kamm MA, Nicholls RJ. Solitary rectal ulcer and complete rectal prolapse: one condition or two? Jnt Colorectal Dis 1995- 10:87−90.
- Karasick S- Ehrlich SM. Is constipation a disorder of defecation or impaired motility?: distinction based on defecography and colonic transit studies. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996 Jan-166(l):63−6.
- Karasick S, Karasick D, Karasick SD. Functional disorders of the anus and rectum: fmdungs on defecography. AJR 1993- 160:777−782.
- Karlbom U- Graf W- Nilsson S- Pahlman L. Does surgical repair of a rectocele improve rectal emptying? Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Nov-39(l 1): 1296−302.
- Karlbom U- Nilsson S- Pahlman L- Graf W. Defecographic study of rectal evacuation in constipated patients and control subjects. Radiology 1999 Jan-210(l):103−8.
- Karlbom U- Pahlman L- Nilsson S- Graf W. Relationships between defecographic findings, rectal emptying and colonic transit time in constipated patients. Gut 1995 Jun- 36(6):907−12.
- Kaur G., Gardiner GS. Rectoanal reflex parameters in incontinence and constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 2002- 45(7): 928−933.
- Keck JO, Staniunas RJ, Coller JA et al. Biofeedback training is useful in fecal incontinence but disappointing in constipatoin. Dis Colon Rectum1994- 37:1271−76.
- Kelvin FM, Maglinte DD. Dymamic cystoproctography of female pelvic floor defects and their interrelationships. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997- 169:769−74.
- Kelvin FM, Maglinte DD, Benson JT. Evacuation proctography (defecography): an aid to the investigation of pelvic floor disorders. Obstet-Gynecol 1994, Feb- 83(2): 307−14.
- Kelvin FM, Maglinte DD, Benson JT, Brubaker LP, Smith C. Dymamic cystoproctography: a technique for assessing disorders of the pelvic floor in women. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994- 163:368−70.
- Kelvin FM, Maglinte DD, Hale DS, Benson JT. Female pelvic organ prolaps: a comparison of triphasic dynamic MR imaging and triphasic fluoroscopic cystocolpoproctography. Am J Roentgenol 2000- 174:81−8.
- Kim D-S, Tsang CB, Wong WD et al. Complete rectal prolapse: evolution of management and results. Dis Colon Rectum 1999- 41:460−9.
- Kuijpers HC, Bleijenberg G, Morree H. The spastic pelvic floor syndrome. Large bowel outlet obstruction caused by pelvic floor dysfunction: a radiological study. Int J Colorectal Dis 1986- 1:44−8.
- Law PA- Danin JC- Lamb GM- Regan L- Darzi A- Gedroyc WM. Dynamic imaging of the pelvic floor using an open-configuration magnetic resonance scanner. J Magn Reson Imaging 2001 Jun-13(6):923−9.
- Lazorthes F, Gamagami R, Cabarrot P, Muhammad S. Is rectal intussusception a cause of idiopatic incontinence? Dis Colon Rectum 1998- 41:602−605.
- Lee SL- Du Bois JJ- Montes-Garces RG- Inglis K- Biediger W Surgical management of chronic unremitting constipation and fecal incontinence associated with megarectum: A preliminary report. J Pediatr Surg 2002 Jan-37(l):76−9.
- Lee SJ, Park JW. Follow-up evaluation of the effect of vaginal delivery on the pelvic floor. Dis Colon Rectum 2000- 43:1550−1555.
- Lesaffer Luc PA. Defecography Update 1994// De Cuyper, Zele, Belgium. — 1994. — P. 86.
- Li YW- Hung WT- Chen CC- Su CT- Hsu CY. Postoperative MRI of anorectal malformation. J Formos Med Assoc 1997 Mar-96(3): 199−204.
- Liberman H- Hughes C- Dippolito A. Evaluation and outcome of the delorme procedure in the treatment of rectal outlet obstruction. Dis Colon Rectum 2000 Feb-43(2): 188−92
- Lienemann A, Anthuber C, Baron A, Kohz P, Reiser M. Dynamic MR colpocyctorectography assessing pelvic-floor descent. Eur Radiol 1997- 7(8): 1309−1317.
- Loening-Baucke V. Persistence of chronic constipation in children after biofeedback treatment. Dig Dis Sci 1991- 36:153−160 .
- Low VH- Ho LM- Freed KS Vaginal opacification during defecography: direction of vaginal migration aids in diagnosis of pelvic floor pathology. Abdom Imaging 1999 Nov-Dec-24(6):565−8.
- Low VHS, Howard MH, Sheafors DH. Air insufflation: a useful to the single contrast barium enema for the evaluation of the rectum. Int J Colorectal Dis 2001- 16:46−50.
- Lubowski DZ, Chen FC, Kennedy ML, King DW. Results of colectomy for severe slow transit constipation. Dis Colon rectum 1996- 39:23−9.
- Lubowski DZ, King DW, Finlay JG. Electromyography of the pubococcygeus muscles in patients with obstructed defecation. Int J
- Colorectal Dis 1992- 7:184−187.
- Lubowski DZ, Meagher AP, Smart RC, Butler SP. Scintigraphic assessment of colonic Function during defecation. Int J Colorectal Dis 1995- 10:91−3.
- Mahieu P, Pringot J, Bodart P. Defaecography: I. Description of a new procedure and results in normal patients. Gastrointest Radiol 1984- 9: 24 751.
- Mahieu P, Pringot J, Bodart P. Defaecography: II. Contribution to the diagnosis of defecation disorders. Gastrointest Radiol 1984- 9: 253−61.
- Maria G., Anastasio G., Brisinda G. et al. Severe constipation. Our experience concerning diagnostic examinations. Coloproctology, 1995, 17:105−110.
- Matsuoka H- Desai MB- Wexner SD- Adami C- Mavrantonis C- Nogueras JJ- Weiss EG- Billotti VL- Nakamura T. A pilot assessment of whether external coil MRI is useful to assess evacuatory disorders.Int J Colorectal Dis 2000 Apr-15(2):91−5.
- Matsuoka H., Wexner SD, Desai MB et al. A comparison between dynamic pelvic magnetic resonace imaging and videoproctographyin patients with constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 2001- 44: 571−576
- McGee SG, Bartram CL. Intra-anal intussusception: diagnosis by posteroanterior stress proctography. Abdom-Imaging 1993- 18(2): 136−40
- Mellgren A, Ansen B, Nilsson BY et al. Results of rectocele repair: a prospectiv study. Dis Colon Rectum 1995- 38:7−13
- Mellgren A., Bremmer S, Johansson C. et al. Defecography: results of investigations in 2.186 patients. Dis Colon Rectum 1994- 37:1133−1141
- Mellgren A., Johansson C, Dolk A et al. Enterocele demonstrated by defecography is associated with other pelvic floor disorders. Int-J-Colorectal-Dis 1994, Aug- 9(3): 121−4
- Mellgren A, Lopez A, Schultz I, Anzen B. Rectocele is associated with paradoxical anal sphincter reaction. Int J Colorectal Dis 1998- 13: 13−6
- Mellgren A., Shultz I, Johansson C, Dolk A. Internai rectal intussusception seldom develops into total rectal prolaps. Dis Colon Rectum 1997, 40:832−834
- Miller R, Duthie GS, Bartolo DC, Locke-Edmunds J, Mortensen NJ. Anismus in patients with normal and slow transit constipation. Br J Surg 1991- 78:690−692
- Murthy VK, Orkin BA, Smith LE, Grassman LM. Excellent outcome using selective criteria for rectocele repair. Dis Colon Rectum 1996- 39 (4): 374−8
- Nichols D.H., Randall C.L. Enterocele. In: Nichols D.H., Randall C.L., eds. Vaginal surgery. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1989: 313−27.
- Nivatvongs S. Diagnosis. Radiologic examination. In: Principles and practice of surgery for the colon, rectum, and anus/ Philip H. Gordon, Santhat Nivatvongs. 2nd ed. Quality Medical Publisshing, Inc. St Louis, Missouri, 1999, P 101−112
- Paetzel C- Strotzer M- Furst A- Rentsch M- Lenhart M- Feuerbach S. Dynamische MR-Defakographie zur Diagnostik kombinierter Beckenbodenfunktionsstorungen in der Proktologie. Rofo Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr 2001 May- 173(5):410−5
- Papachrysostomou M, Smith AN. Effects of biofeedback on obstructive defecation: Recorditioning of the defecation reflex? Gut 1994- 35:252−256
- Papachrysostomou M, Stevenson FJM, Ferrington C, Merrick MV, Smith AN. Evaluation of isotope proctography in constipated subjects. Int J Colorectal Dis 1993- 8:18−23
- Park UC, Choi SK, Piccirillo MF, Verzaro R, Wexner SD. Patterns of anismus and the relation to biofeedback therapy. Dis Colon Rectum 1996−39:768−773
- Parks AG, Porter NH, Hardcastle JD. The syndrom of the descending perineum. J R Soc Med 1966- 59:116−8
- Pel sang RE- Rao SS- Welcher K. FECOM: a new artificial stool for evaluating defecation. Am J Gastroenterol 1999 Jan-94(l):183−6
- Pfeifer J., Agachan F., Wexner S.D. Surgery for constipation: a review. Dis Colon Rectum 1996 -39:444−460.
- Piccirillo M.F., Reissman P, Wexner S.D. Colectomy as treatment for constipation in selected patients. Br J Surg 1995- 82: 898−901
- Piccirillo M.F., Wexner S.D. Diagnosis and management approach of chronic constipation. In: Wexner S.D., Vernava A.T., eds. Clinical decisionmaking in colorectal surgery. New York: Igaku-Shoin, 1995:91−99
- Piloni V, Pomerri F, Platania E et al 1994. Workshop Nazionale sulla defecografla: le deformita ano-rettali con origine funzionale (prolasso, intussuscezione, rettocele). Radiol- Med-Torino 1992, Jun- 87(6): 789−95
- Pluta H, Bowes KL, Lewell LD. Long-term results of total abdominal colectomy for chronic idiopathic constipation. Value of preoperative assessment. Dis Colon Rectum 1996- 39: 160−6
- Poen AC- Felt-Bersma RJ. Endosonography in benign anorectal disease: an overview. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1999−230:40−8
- Preston DM, Lennard-Jones JE, Thomas BM. The balloon proctogram. Br J Surg 1984- 71:29−32
- Pucciani F- Rottoli ML- Bologna A- Buri M- Cianchi F- Pagliai P- Cortesini С Anterior rectocele and anorectal dysfunction. Int J Colorectal Dis 1996- 11(1): 1−9
- Rao S.S., Patel R.S. How useful are manometric tests of anorectal function in the management of defecation disorders? Am J Gastroenterol 1997- 92: 469−475
- Rasmussen О, Sorensen M, Tetzschen T, Christiansen J. Dynamic manometry in the assessment of patients with obstructed defecation. Di Colon Rectum 1993- 36: 901−907
- Roos JE- Weishaupt D- Wildermuth S- Willmann JK- Marincek B- Hilfiker PR. Experience of 4 Years with Open MR Defecography: Pictorial Review of Anorectal Anatomy and Disease. Radiographics 2002 Jul-Aug-22(4):817−32
- Salzano A- Cavallo G- De Rosa A- Tesorone F- De Luca L- Paolella V. II ruolo della diagnostica radiologica nel prolasso mucoso rettale Role of radiologic diagnosis in rectal mucosal prolapse., Radiol Med (Torino) 1996 Jul-Aug-92(1 -2): 82−6
- Salzano A- Muto M- De Rosa A- Ginolfi F- Tuccillo M- Carbone M- Amodio F- Rossi E Defecografm nelle malattie parietali del retto da prolasso. Radiol Med (Torino) 1999 Jun-97(6):486−90
- Schoenenberger AW- Debatin JF- Guldenschuh I- Hany TF- Steiner P- Krestin GP. Dynamic MR defecography with a superconducting, open-configuration MR system. Radiology 1998 Mar-206(3):641−6
- Schouten WR, Briel JW, Auwerda JJ et al. Anismus: fact or fiction? Dis Colon Rectum 1997- 40: 1033−41
- Schouten W R, Gordon P H. Anorectal physiology. Investigative
- Techniques. In: Principles and practice of surgery for the colon, rectum, and anus/ Philip H. Gordon, Santhat Nivatvongs. 2nd ed. Quality Medicaal Publisshing, Inc. St Louis, Missouri, 1999, P 66−79
- Schouten W R, Gordon P H. Constipation. In: Principles and practice of surgery for the colon, rectum, and anus/ Philip H. Gordon, Santhat Nivatvongs. 2nd ed. Quality Medicaal Publisshing, Inc. St Louis, Missouri, 1999, P 1181−1234
- Schouten WR, Gosselink MJ, Boerma MO, Ginai AZ. Rectal wall contractility in response to an evoked urge to defecate in patients with obstructed defecation. Dis Colon Rectum 1998- 41:473−9
- Selvaggi F, Pesce G, Scotto Di Garlo E, Maffertone V, Canonico S. Evalution of normal subjects by defecographic technique. Dis Colon Rectum 1990−33:698−702
- Sentovich SM, Revela SM, Thorson AG, Chistensen MA, Blatchford GJ. Simultaneous proctography and peritoneography for pelvic floor disorders. Dis Colon Rectum 1995- 38:912−915
- Shafic A., Doss S. Surgical anatomy of the somatic terminal innervation to the anal and urethal sphincters: role in anal and urethal surgery. J Urol. 1999−1:85−89.
- Shorvon PJ, McHugh S, Diamant NE, Somers S, Stevenson GW. Defecography in normal volunteers: results and implications. Gut 1989- 30:1737−49
- Sielezneff I, Malouf A, Cesari J et al. Selection criteria for internal rectal prolapse repair by Delorme’s transrectal excision. Dis Colon Rectum 1999- 42 (3): 367−373
- Silvis R, Gooszen HG, van Essen A et al. Abdominal rectovaginopexy: modified technique to treat constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 1999- 42: 82−88
- Siproudhis L, Dautreme S, Ropert A et al. Dyschezia and rectocele amarriage of convenience? Physiologic evaluation of the rectocele in group of 52 women complaining of difficulty in evacuation. Dis Colon Rectum 1993- 36:1030−6
- Smith L.E. An algorithm for constipation. In. Smith L.E., ed. Practical guide to anorectal testing. 2nd ed. New York: Igaku-shoin, 1995:289−299
- Stewart W.F., Liberman H., Sandler R.S. et al. Epidemiology of constipation (EPOC) study in United States: relation of clinical subtypes to socioeconomic features. Am J Gastroenterol 1999, 94: 3530−3539.
- Stoker J- Bartram CI- Halligan S. Imaging of the posterior pelvic floor. Eur Radiol 2002 Apr-12(4):779−88
- Stoker J- Halligan S- Bartram CI. Pelvic floor imaging. Radiology 2001 Mar-218(3):621−41
- Sullivan ES, Londaker CJ, Lee PYH. Total pelvic mesh repair: a ten-year experience. Dis Colon rectum 2001- 44:857−863
- Sultan AH, Kamm MA. Pudental nerve damage durind labor: prospective study before and after childbirth. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1994- 101:22−8
- Takano M, Hamada A. Evaluation of pelvic descent disorders by dynamic contrast roentgenography. Dis Colon Rectum 2000- 43(Suppl):S6-Sl 1
- Talley N.J., Eleming K.C., Evans J.M. et al. Constipation in an elderly community: A study of prevalence and potential risk factors. Am J Gastroenterol 1996, 91:19−25
- Tjandra JJ. Transanal repair of rectocele corrects obstructed defecation if it is not associated with anismus. Dis Colon Rectum 1999- 42 (12): 1544−50
- Van Laarhoven CJ, Kamm MA, Bartman CI. Relationships between anatomic and symptomatic long-term results after rectocele repair impaired defecation. Dis Colon Rectum 1999- 42:204−209
- Voderholzer W.A., Neuhaus D.A., Klauser A.G. et al. Paradoxical sphincter contraction is rarely indicative of anismus. Gut 1997- 41: 258−262.
- Vorobyov G.I. Titov A. Y, Langner A.V. Diagnosis of the internal prolapse of the rectum. Abstr. XY the Biennial Congress Int. Soc. Univ. Colon and Recyal Surgeons, Singapore, 2−9 July, 1994, 314
- Vorobyov G.I. Titov A.Y., Langner A.V., Rivkin V.L. Pathogenesis and Treatment of Rectal Prolapse. Own Date and Review of Russian Literature. Coloproctology 13(6): 348−352
- Wald A, Jafri F, Rehder J, Holeva K. Scintigrafic studies of rectal emptying in patients with constipation and defecatory difficulty. Dig Dis Sci 1993- 386 353−8
- Wexner SD, Jorge JM, Nogueras JJ, Jagelman DG. Physiological assesment of colorectal functional disorders: use or abuse of technology? Eur J Surg 1994- 160:167−74
- Wiersma TG, Mulder CJ, Reeders JW et al. Dynamic rectal examination (defecography). Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1994- Dec 8(4): 729−41.
- Yang X-M, Partanen K, Farin P, Soimakallio S. A review article. Defecography. Acta Radiol 1995- 36:460−8.
- Yeong KY. Defecatihg proctography: local experience. Ann-Acad-Singapore 1993- Sep- 22(5):684−7.
- Zbar AP- Aslam M- Gold DM- Gatzen C- Gosling A- Kmiot WA. Parameters of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex in patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence and chronic constipation. Dis Colon Rectum 1998 Feb-41(2):200−8.
- Zbar AP- Beer-Gabel M- Aslam M, Rectoanal inhibition and rectocele: physiology versus categorization. Int J Colorectal Dis 2001 Sep-16(5):307−12.