If all the swans we saw turned out to be white, can we conclude that in general all the swans that exist in the world are white? Hume believed that such conclusions can not be made, and one should adhere to sound skepticism about such arguments.
K arl Popper was even more categorical about induction. H e wrote that there is no logical justification for assuming that the event will happen tomorrow only because it happened today and yesterday. T.
he fact that the Sun will rise tomorrow is a hypothesis in need of verification. C an not assert its truth only because it has risen yesterday and today. A.
ny «inductive» reasoning, Popper writes, are only assumptions and hypotheses that need to be checked. Valid conclusions can only be made deductively.
Thus, can draw the following conclusions.
I t should be specially emphasized that attempts to break the deduction and induction from each other are groundless. I n fact, even the definitions of these methods of cognition testify to their interconnection. O bviously, deduction uses as a premise various kinds of general judgments that can not be obtained through deduction.
A nd if there were no general knowledge obtained through induction, then deductive reasoning would not be possible. I n turn, deductive knowledge of the individual and the particular creates the basis for further inductive research of individual subjects and the obtaining of new generalizations. Thus, in the process of scientific knowledge, induction and deduction are closely interrelated, complement and enrich each other.
List of referenses.
Abachiev S.K. Formal logic with elements of the theory of knowledge: a textbook for high schools / S.K. Abachiev. — Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2012. — 635 p.
Getmanova A.D. Logic / A.D. Getmanov. — Moscow: KnoRus, 2012. — 416 p.
Dmitrevskaya I.V. Logic / I.V. Dmitrevskaya. — Moscow: Flinta, 2013. — 384 p.
Mikhailov K.A. Logic. Workshop: a manual for bachelors / K.A. Mikhailov, V.V. Gorbatov. — M .: Yurayt, 2012. — 509 p.
Skovikov A.K. Logic: a textbook and a workshop for bachelors / Π.Π. Skovikov. — Moscow: Yurayt, 2013. — 575 p.
Getmanova A.D. Logic / A.D. Getmanov. — Moscow: KnoRus, 2012. — p. 71.
Abachiev S.K. Formal logic with elements of the theory of knowledge: a textbook for high schools / S.K. Abachiev. — Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2012. — p. 25.
Skovikov A.K. Logic: a textbook and a workshop for bachelors / Π.Π. Skovikov. — Moscow: Yurayt, 2013. — p. 26.
M ikhailov K.A. L ogic. W orkshop: a manual for bachelors / K.A. Mikhailov, V.V. Gorbatov. — M .: Y.
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Dmitrevskaya I.V. Logic / I.V. Dmitrevskaya. — Moscow: Flinta, 2013. — p. 93.
